Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hormonal imbalance, irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, and obesity. Women with PCOS typically have numerous cysts on the ovaries, hence the name. PCOS is the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, affecting an estimated 5–10 percent.
In PCOS, the body produces an excess amount of androgens, and the ratio of luteinizing hormone to the follicle-stimulating hormone is abnormally high. Ovulation occurs less frequently, or the ovaries don’t release eggs at all. In the absence of ovulation, the menstrual cycle is irregular or absent, and cysts containing immature eggs form on the ovaries. This causes the ovaries to enlarge.
Insulin resistance is a common feature of both PCOS and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms (abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and triglycerides, and insulin resistance) that greatly increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University found that metabolic syndrome is twice as prevalent in women with PCOS compared to those without this hormonal disorder.
PCOS increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, increased triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease. Women with PCOS are also at risk of abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial cancer because the uterus is exposed to higher amounts of estrogen.
PCOS Symptoms
- Acne, oily skin, or dandruff
- Enlarged ovaries with cysts
- Increased hair growth on the face, chest, stomach, back, thumbs, or toes (hirsutism) and thinning or male-pattern baldness on the head
- Infertility
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Obesity (particularly around the waist)
- Patches of thickened and dark brown or black skin on the neck, arms, breasts, or thighs
- Pelvic pain
- Skin tags, or tiny excess flaps of skin in the armpits or neck area
Complications of PCOS
Complications of PCOS can include:
- Infertility
- Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
- Miscarriage or premature birth
- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat accumulation in the liver
- Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of cardiovascular disease
- Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
- Sleep apnea
- Depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer)
PCOS Treatment
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DISCLAIMER: This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare providers with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.